Organization of American States

The Organization of American States  (Spanish: Organización de los Estados Americanos, Portuguese: Organização dos Estados Americanos, French: Organisation des États américains), or the OAS, is a continental organization founded on 30 April 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states. Headquartered in Washington, D.C.,United States,[1]  the OAS's members are the 35 independent states of the Americas.

Since 26 May 2005, the Secretary General of OAS has been José Miguel Insulza.

History
 The notion of an international union in the  New World  was first put forward by  Simón Bolívar[2]  who, at the 1826  Congress of Panama, proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. This meeting was attended by representatives of  Gran Colombia  (comprising the modern-day nations of  Colombia ,  Ecuador ,  Panama ,  Venezuela ,  Peru, and  Bolivia ), The  United Provinces of Central America , and Mexico  but the grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia. Bolívar's dream soon floundered with civil war in Gran Colombia, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of  national  rather than continental outlooks in the newly  independent American  republics. Bolívar's dream of American unity was meant to unify  Latin American  nations against imperial domination by external power.

The pursuit of regional solidarity and cooperation again came to the forefront in 1889–1890, at the First International Conference of American States. Gathered together in Washington, D.C., 18 nations resolved to found the International Union of American Republics, served by a permanent secretariat called the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (renamed the "International Commercial Bureau" at the Second International Conference  in 1901–1902). These two bodies, in existence as of 14 April 1890, represent the point of inception to which today's OAS and its General Secretariat trace their origins.

At the Fourth International Conference of American States (Buenos Aires, 1910), the name of the organization was changed to the "Union of American Republics" and the Bureau became the "Pan American Union". The Pan American Union Building was constructed in 1910, on Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C. Pan American Union headquarters building in Washington, D.C., 1943.In the mid-1930s, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt organized an inter-American conference in Buenos Aires. One of the items at the conference was a "League of Nations of the Americas", an idea proposed by Colombia, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic .[3]  At the subsequent Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, 21 nations pledged to remain neutral in the event of a conflict between any two members.[4]  The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action could not ensure the territorial integrity of the American nations  in the event of extra-continental aggression. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the postwar world and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of collective security, the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) signed in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro.

The Ninth International Conference of American States was held in Bogotá between March and May 1948 and led by United States Secretary of State George Marshall, a meeting which led to a pledge by members to fight communism in the western hemisphere. This was the event that saw the birth of the OAS as it stands today, with the signature by 21 American countries of the Charter of the Organization of American States on 30 April 1948 (in effect since December 1951). The meeting also adopted the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the world's first general human rights instrument, Bogotá considered the first defensive state in the event of war, of the Organization of American States.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The transition from the Pan American Union to OAS was smooth. The Director General of the former, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the Organization's first Secretary General. The current Secretary General is former Chilean minister of the interior and foreign minister José Miguel Insulza.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following:
 * 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights created.
 * 1959: Inter-American Development Bank created.
 * 1961: Charter of Punta del Este signed, launching the Alliance for Progress.
 * 1962: OAS suspends Cuba.
 * 1969: American Convention on Human Rights signed (in force since 1978).
 * 1970: OAS General Assembly established as the Organization's supreme decision-making body.
 * 1979: Inter-American Court of Human Rights created.
 * 1991: Adoption of Resolution 1080, which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country.
 * 1994: First Summit of the Americas (Miami), which resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas by 2005.
 * 2001: Inter-American Democratic Charter adopted.
 * 2009: OAS revokes 1962 suspension of Cuba.
 * 2009: OAS suspends Honduras due to the coup which ousted president Manuel Zelaya.
 * 2011: OAS lifts the suspension of Honduras with the return of Manuel Zelaya from exile.

Goals and purpose
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence." Article 2 then defines eight essential purposes: <p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward globalization, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:
 * To strengthen the peace and security of the continent.
 * To promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the principle of nonintervention.
 * To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the member states.
 * To provide for common action on the part of those states in the event of aggression.
 * To seek the solution of political, judicial, and economic problems that may arise among them
 * To promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development.
 * To eradicate extreme poverty, which constitutes an obstacle to the full democratic development of the peoples of the continent.
 * To achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the member states.
 * Strengthening democracy: Between 1962 and 2002, the Organization sent multinational observation missions to oversee free and fair elections in the member states on more than 100 occasions. The OAS also works to strengthen national and local government and electoral agencies, to promote democratic practices and values, and to help countries detect and defuse official corruption.
 * Working for peace: Special OAS missions have supported peace processes in Nicaragua, Suriname, Haiti, and Guatemala. The Organization has played a leading part in the removal of landmines deployed in member states and it has led negotiations to resolve the continent's remaining border disputes (Guatemala/Belize; Peru/Ecuador). Work is also underway on the construction of a common inter-American counter-terrorism front.
 * Defending human rights: The agencies of the inter-American human rights system provide a venue for the denunciation and resolution of human rights violations in individual cases. They also monitor and report on the general human rights situation in the member states.
 * Fostering free trade: The OAS is one of the three agencies currently engaged in drafting a treaty aiming to establish a continental free trade area from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego.
 * Fighting the drugs trade: The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission was established in 1986 to coordinate efforts and crossborder cooperation in this area.
 * Promoting sustainable development: The goal of the OAS's Inter-American Council for Integral Development is to promote economic development and combating poverty. OAS technical cooperation programs address such areas as river basin management, the conservation of biodiversity, preservation of cultural diversity, planning for global climate change, sustainable tourism, and natural disaster mitigation.

Organizational structure
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The Organization of American States is composed of an Organization of American States General Secretariat, the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Council for Integral Development, and a number of committees.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States consists of six secretariats. <p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The various committees of the Organization of American States include:
 * Secretariat for Political Affairs
 * Executive Secretariat for Integral Development
 * Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
 * Secretariat for Administration and Finance
 * Secretariat for Legal Affairs
 * Secretariat for External Relations
 * The Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs
 * The Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Affairs
 * The Committee on Hemispheric Security
 * The Committee on Inter-American Summits Management and Civil Society Participation in OAS Activities

General Assembly
A session of the OAS's thirty-fifth General Assembly in Fort Lauderdale,Florida, United States, June 2005.Main article: General Assembly of the Organization of American States<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The General Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of OAS. It convenes once every year in a regular session. In special circumstances, and with the approval of two-thirds of the member states, the Permanent Council can convene special sessions.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The Organization's member states take turns hosting the General Assembly on a rotating basis. The states are represented at its sessions by their chosen delegates: generally, their ministers of foreign affairs, or their appointed deputies. Each state has one vote, and most matters—except for those for which the Charter or the General Assembly's own rules of procedure specifically require a two-thirds majority—are settled by a simple majority vote.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The General Assembly's powers include setting the OAS's general course and policies by means of resolutions and declarations; approving its budget and determining the contributions payable by the member states; approving the reports and previous year's actions of the OAS's specialized agencies; and electing members to serve on those agencies.

Membership and adhesions
See also: Member states of the Organization of American States<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS. Upon foundation on 5 May 1948, there were 21 members: <p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The later expansion of the OAS included Canada and the newly independent nations of the Caribbean. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically): ===Notes<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[edit source] ===
 * Argentina
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[Note 1]
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * United States
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela
 * Barbados (member since 1967)
 * Trinidad and Tobago (1967)
 * Jamaica (1969)
 * Grenada (1975)
 * Suriname (1977)
 * Dominica (1979)
 * Saint Lucia (1979)
 * Antigua and Barbuda (1981)
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1981)
 * Bahamas (1982)
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis (1984)
 * Canada (1990)
 * Belize (1991)
 * Guyana (1991)
 * 1) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;top:-99999px;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^ Suspended between 1962–2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  Has chosen not to reapply for participation. See Status of Cuba below.
 * 2) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;top:-99999px;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^ Suspended between 2009-2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  See Suspension of Honduras below.

Canada and the OAS
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Although Canada obtained independence in its foreign policy from the United Kingdom in 1931, it chose not to join the OAS when it was first formed, despite its close relations with the United States. Canada became a Permanent Observer in the OAS on 2 February 1972. Canada signed the Charter of the Organization of American States on 13 November 1989 and this decision was ratified on 8 January 1990.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">In 2004–2005, Canada was the second largest contributor to the OAS, with an annual assessed contribution representing 12.36% of the OAS Regular Budget (US$9.2 million) and an additional C$9 million in voluntary contributions to specific projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  Shortly after joining as a full member, Canada was instrumental in the creation of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, which provides support for the strengthening and consolidation of democratic processes and institutions in OAS member states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]

Status of Cuba
Further information: Cuban relations with the Organization of American States<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The current government of Cuba was excluded from participation in the Organization under a decision adopted by the Eighth Meeting of Consultation in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 31 January 1962. The vote was passed by 14 in favor, with one against (Cuba) and six abstentions (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico). The operative part of the resolution reads as follows: <p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">This meant that the Cuban nation was still technically a member state, but that the current government was denied the right of representation and attendance at meetings and of participation in activities. The OAS's position was that although Cuba's participation was suspended, its obligations under the Charter, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, etc. still hold: for instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights continued to publish reports on Cuba's human rights situation and to hear individual cases involving Cuban nationals. However, this stance was occasionally questioned by other individual member states.
 * 1) That adherence by any member of the Organization of American States to Marxism-Leninism is incompatible with the inter-American system and the alignment of such a government with the communist bloc breaks the unity and solidarity of the continent.
 * 2) That the present Government of Cuba, which has officially identified itself as a Marxist-Leninist government, was incompatible with the principles and objectives of the inter-American system.
 * 3) That this incompatibility excluded the present Government of Cuba from participation in the inter-American system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Cuba's position was stated in an official note sent to the Organization "merely as a courtesy" by Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Raúl Roa on 4 November 1964: "Cuba was arbitrarily excluded... The Organization of American States has no juridical, factual, or moral jurisdiction, nor competence, over a state which it has illegally deprived of its rights."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The reincorporation of Cuba as an active member regularly arose as a topic within the inter-American system – for instance, it was intimated by the outgoing ambassador of Mexico in 1998<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]  – but most observers did not see it as a serious possibility while the present government remained in power. Since 1960, the Cuban administration had repeatedly characterized the OAS as the "Ministry of Colonies" of the United States of America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[14]  On 6 May 2005, President Fidel Castro reiterated that the island nation would not "be part of a disgraceful institution that has only humiliated the honor of Latin American nations".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]  After Fidel Castro's recent retirement and the ascent of his brother Raúl to power, this official position was reasserted. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez promised to veto any final declaration of the 2009 Summit of the Americas due to Cuba's exclusion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">On 17 April 2009, after a "trading of warm words" between the administrations of U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raúl Castro, OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza said he would ask the 2009 General Assembly to annul the 1962 resolution excluding Cuba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">On 3 June 2009, foreign ministers assembled in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, for the OAS's 39th General Assembly, passed a vote to lift Cuba's suspension from the OAS. The United States had been pressuring the OAS for weeks to condition Cuba's readmission to the continental group on democratic principles and commitment to human rights. Ecuador's Foreign Minister Fander Falconí said there will be no such conditions. "This is a new proposal, it has no conditions—of any kind," Falconí said. "That suspension was made in the Cold War, in the language of the Cold War. What we have done here is fix a historic error."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  The suspension was lifted at the end of the General Assembly, but, to be readmitted to the Organization, Cuba will need to comply with all the treaties signed by the Member States, including the Inter-American Democratic Charter of 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]

Suspension of Honduras
Those attending the Extraordinary Assembly of the OAS voted to suspend Honduras.<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Following the expulsion of its President Manuel Zelaya, Honduras' membership of the Organization was suspended unanimously at midnight on 5 July 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Americas_group_suspends_Honduras_22-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20]  The de facto government had already announced it was leaving the OAS hours earlier; this was not, however, taken into account by the OAS, which does not recognize that government as legitimate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Honduras_leaders_pull_out_of_OAS_23-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[21]  An extraordinary meeting had been conducted by the OAS in Washington, D.C., with Zelaya in attendance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Americas_group_suspends_Honduras_22-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OAS_expels_Honduras.27_membership_over_coup_24-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Organisation_of_American_States_suspends_Honduras_over_coup_25-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  The suspension of Honduras was approved unanimously with 33 votes (Honduras did not vote).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Americas_group_suspends_Honduras_22-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Organisation_of_American_States_suspends_Honduras_over_coup_25-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  This was the first suspension carried out by the OAS since that of Cuba in 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Americas_group_suspends_Honduras_22-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Organisation_of_American_States_suspends_Honduras_over_coup_25-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">After Zelaya's return to Honduras in 2011, Honduras was re-admitted to the Organization on 1 June 2011 with 32 votes in favor and 1 (Ecuador) against. Venezuela expressed some reservations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[24]

Observer countries
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">As of June 2013, there are 68 permanent observer countries, including the European Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]

Official languages
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">The Organization's official languages are Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French, the national languages of the majority of its member nations. The Charter, the basic instrument governing OAS, makes no reference to the use of official languages. These references are to be found in the Rules of Procedure governing the various OAS bodies. Article 51 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[27]  the supreme body of the OAS, which meets once a year, states that English, French, Portuguese and Spanish are the four official languages. Article 28 stipulates that a Style Committee shall be set up with representatives of the four official languages to review the General Assembly resolutions and declarations. Article 53 states that proposals shall be presented in the four official languages. The Rules of Procedure and Statutes of other bodies, such as the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), the Permanent Executive Committee of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CEPCIDI), the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM), the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Juridical Committee(CJI), technical bodies of the OAS, also mention the four official languages in which their meetings are to be conducted. Policy is therefore dictated through these instruments that require use of the four official languages at meetings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif;">Although a number of other languages have official status in one or more member states of OAS (Dutch in Suriname; Haitian Creole alongside French in Haiti; Quechua and Aymarain Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia; Guaraní in Paraguay), they are not official languages of the Organization.